The treatment options for golfer’s elbow

Photo of a female patient and a physical therapist

The symptoms of tennis elbow or golfer's elbow usually go away after a few months even without any special treatment. Stretching and strengthening exercises can help make the symptoms clear up faster. Many of the other treatments on offer haven't been proven to work.

Tennis elbow or golfer's elbow can be persistent and make many everyday activities more difficult. They are painful and usually limit the mobility of the arm and wrist. The typical symptoms on the outside and inside of the elbow may occur after regular, repetitive strain on the arm muscles.

The list of treatment options is long, but there has hardly been any research on many of them. There aren't really any studies on treating golfer's elbow. Golfer's elbow can generally be treated in a similar way to tennis elbow.

What are the treatment options?

Doctors sometimes recommend very different treatments for both tennis elbow and golfer's elbow. According to the studies done so far, the following treatments can help:

The main treatment for symptom relief is usually a combination of stretching and strengthening exercises. NSAIDs are an option for short-term treatment. Steroid injections can also relieve the pain, but they may disrupt the healing process.

Most of the following treatment options for tennis elbow and golfer’s elbow have not been scientifically proven to work.

  • Braces / bandages: These are worn around the elbow or on the forearm to take strain off the muscles.
  • Injections: Injections into the elbow with various substances, such as Botox, hyaluronic acid or autologous blood (the body’s own blood).
  • Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT): A device generates shock or pressure waves that are transferred to the tissue through the skin. This is supposed to improve the circulation of blood in the tissue and speed up the healing process.
  • Laser therapy: The tissue is treated with concentrated beams of light. This is supposed to stimulate the circulation of blood and the body’s cell metabolism.
  • Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS): TENS devices transfer electrical impulses to the nervous system through the skin. These are supposed to keep the pain signals from reaching the brain.
  • Acupuncture: The needles are inserted into certain points on the surface of the arm. Here, too, the aim is to minimize the perception of pain.
  • Cold: The elbow is regularly cooled with ice packs.
  • Massages: A massage technique called “transverse friction massage” is often used to treat tennis elbow and golfer's elbow. It is applied to the tendons and the muscles, using the tips of one or two fingers.
  • Surgery: Different surgical approaches are used. Most of them involve detaching parts of the forearm muscles or separating and destroying the nerves that carry the pain signals.

Does resting your arm help?

In the first few days or weeks after the symptoms appear, it makes sense to put as little strain as possible on the arm, and especially to avoid any activities that trigger the pain. If the pain arises when you do specific exercises, for example, then you should stop doing them for a few weeks. If some activities are impossible to avoid completely – like working on the computer, lifting or writing – the strain should at least be reduced enough so that the pain improves.

Some people wear a brace or a bandage to reduce the strain put on the muscles, but it isn’t clear whether this helps.

You can only start to gradually put more strain on the arm and do daily strengthening exercises once the pain has improved a lot.

How effective are stretching and strengthening exercises?

Special stretching and strengthening exercises can speed up the healing process. Studies have shown that the pain goes away faster in people who regularly do these kinds of exercises. The exercises improve flexibility, too. Manual therapy can also help.

The best studied type of exercises for tennis elbow are known as “eccentric” exercises. This type of treatment involves simultaneously stretching and strengthening the extensor muscles of the forearm. There has not yet been enough research on which eccentric exercises are most effective. It’s also not clear how effective simple stretching exercises are.

According to the studies done so far, it’s most effective to do the exercises about three times a day for about 1 to 3 months. You can start doing them as soon as the pain allows it. It’s important to start carefully and not to put too much strain on your arm. These exercises can make the symptoms of tennis elbow even worse if you overdo it.

Can tablets or gels help?

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen and diclofenac can probably relieve the pain somewhat. They are most useful at the start, when the pain is the most severe. These medicines can either be applied to the elbow in the form of a gel or taken in the form of a tablet. NSAIDs are not suitable for long-term use because they can lead to stomach problems, among other things. There is no to suggest that they speed up the healing process.

Are elbow injections effective?

Different types of injection-based treatments are often suggested for tennis elbow or golfer's elbow. According to the research on tennis elbow so far, most of them don't live up to their promises. They can also have side effects. These are usually temporary, like pain at the injection site. Each injection is also associated with a low risk of inflammation or injury to the elbow. Most of these injections contain one of the following active ingredients:

  • Steroids: reduce the . Studies show that steroid injections can temporarily relieve the pain. But there is also that they can disrupt the healing process: People who were first given several steroid injections had more pain after a few months than people who didn’t receive any steroid injections. Frequent steroid injections carry the risk of tissue dying (atrophy), for instance, leaving a visible mark on the elbow.
  • Hyaluronic acid: A substance made by the body, found in tissue and joints. It is typically used to treat osteoarthritis. One study suggests that hyaluronic acid might be effective in the treatment of tennis elbow. But further research is needed to assess its pros and cons.
  • Botox: inhibits the sending of signals between the nerve cells. This has a paralyzing effect on the muscles. According to studies done on this so far, Botox can relieve the pain just a little at most. Also, Botox injections can have side effects like partial paralysis in the fingers that can last several weeks.
  • Autologous blood injections: Blood is taken from a vein in the arm and then injected into the elbow. This blood may be treated in different ways before it is injected. One common form of treatment with autologous blood is called platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy. It involves separating the blood into its various elements in a centrifuge. Then a concentrated solution of blood platelets is injected into the elbow. Studies suggest that this isn't very effective, though.

So previous studies suggest that it's a good idea to be very cautious when injection treatments are offered. Injections are usually only considered if the pain is especially bad, and nothing else helps.

Other treatment options

A few studies suggest that ultrasound therapy may have a slight pain-relieving effect. It probably takes about 5 to 10 weeks for treatment using ultrasound waves to have a noticeable effect. This treatment hardly has any side effects.

There is currently no for the effectiveness of the following treatments: extracorporeal shockwave treatment, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and laser therapy. Some good-quality studies looked into these treatments, but they didn’t find any pain-relieving effect. The extracorporeal shockwave treatment in particular can have side effects, though. People in the studies experienced skin redness, pain, bruising and nausea, for example.

It’s not clear whether massages or help. There is not enough good data to assess how helpful cold pack treatments are.

Surgery usually isn't offered unless the symptoms have lasted for many months or years and other treatments haven’t helped. Based on the few studies that have been done in this area, it's not possible to draw any conclusions about how effective surgery then is.

Ahmad Z, Siddiqui N, Malik SS, Abdus-Samee M, Tytherleigh-Strong G, Rushton N. Lateral epicondylitis: a review of pathology and management. Bone Joint J 2013; 95-B(9): 1158-1164.

Bisset L, Coombes B, Vicenzino B. Tennis elbow. BMJ Clin Evid 2011.

Buchbinder R, Johnston RV, Barnsley L, Assendelft WJ, Bell SN, Smidt N. Surgery for lateral elbow pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; (3): CD003525.

Chou LC, Liou TH, Kuan YC, Huang YH, Chen HC. Autologous blood injection for treatment of lateral epicondylosis: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Phys Ther Sport 2016; 18: 68-73.

Dingemanse R, Randsdorp M, Koes BW, Huisstede BM. Evidence for the effectiveness of electrophysical modalities for treatment of medial and lateral epicondylitis: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med 2014; 48(12): 957-965.

Dion S, Wong JJ, Cote P, Yu H, Sutton D, Randhawa K et al. Are Passive Physical Modalities Effective for the Management of Common Soft Tissue Injuries of the Elbow? A Systematic Review by the Ontario Protocol for Traffic Injury Management (OPTIMa) Collaboration. Clin J Pain 2017; 33(1): 71-86.

Dong W, Goost H, Lin XB, Burger C, Paul C, Wang ZL et al. Injection therapies for lateral epicondylalgia: a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2016; 50(15): 900-908.

Karanasios S, Korakakis V, Whiteley R et al. Exercise interventions in lateral elbow tendinopathy have better outcomes than passive interventions, but the effects are small: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 2123 subjects in 30 trials. BJSM online 2021; 55(9): 477-485.

Karanasios S, Tsamasiotis GK, Michopoulos K et al. Clinical effectiveness of shockwave therapy in lateral elbow tendinopathy: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rehabil 2021; 35(10): 1383-1398.

Karjalainen TV, Silagy M, O'Bryan E et al. Autologous blood and platelet-rich plasma injection therapy for lateral elbow pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021; (9): CD010951.

Krogh TP, Bartels EM, Ellingsen T, Stengaard-Pedersen K, Buchbinder R, Fredberg U et al. Comparative effectiveness of injection therapies in lateral epicondylitis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Sports Med 2013; 41(6): 1435-1446.

Loew LM, Brosseau L, Tugwell P, Wells GA, Welch V, Shea B et al. Deep transverse friction massage for treating lateral elbow or lateral knee tendinitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; (11): CD003528.

Mattie R, Wong J, McCormick Z, Yu S, Saltychev M, Laimi K. Percutaneous Needle Tenotomy for the Treatment of Lateral Epicondylitis: A Systematic Review of the Literature. PM R 2017; 9(6): 603-611.

Menta R, Randhawa K, Cote P, Wong JJ, Yu H, Sutton D et al. The effectiveness of exercise for the management of musculoskeletal disorders and injuries of the elbow, forearm, wrist, and hand: a systematic review by the Ontario Protocol for Traffic Injury Management (OPTIMa) collaboration. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2015; 38(7): 507-520.

Moraes VY, Lenza M, Tamaoki MJ, Faloppa F, Belloti JC. Platelet-rich therapies for musculoskeletal soft tissue injuries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; (4): CD010071.

Olaussen M, Holmedal O, Lindbaek M, Brage S, Solvang H. Treating lateral epicondylitis with corticosteroid injections or non-electrotherapeutical physiotherapy: a systematic review. BMJ Open 2013; 3(10): e003564.

Orchard J, Kountouris A. The management of tennis elbow. BMJ 2011; 342: d2687.

Pattanittum P, Turner T, Green S, Buchbinder R. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for treating lateral elbow pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; (5): CD003686.

Qian X, Lin Q, Wei K, Hu B, Jing P, Wang J. Efficacy and Safety of Autologous Blood Products Compared With Corticosteroid Injections in the Treatment of Lateral Epicondylitis: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. PM R 2016; 8(8): 780-791.

Raman J, MacDermid JC, Grewal R. Effectiveness of different methods of resistance exercises in lateral epicondylosis - a systematic review. J Hand Ther 2012; 25(1): 5-25; quiz 26.

Tang H, Fan H, Chen J, Yang M, Yi X, Dai G et al. Acupuncture for Lateral Epicondylitis: A Systematic Review. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2015; 2015: 861849.

IQWiG health information is written with the aim of helping people understand the advantages and disadvantages of the main treatment options and health care services.

Because IQWiG is a German institute, some of the information provided here is specific to the German health care system. The suitability of any of the described options in an individual case can be determined by talking to a doctor. informedhealth.org can provide support for talks with doctors and other medical professionals, but cannot replace them. We do not offer individual consultations.

Our information is based on the results of good-quality studies. It is written by a team of health care professionals, scientists and editors, and reviewed by external experts. You can find a detailed description of how our health information is produced and updated in our methods.

Comment on this page

What would you like to share with us?

We welcome any feedback and ideas - either via our form or by gi-kontakt@iqwig.de. We will review, but not publish, your ratings and comments. Your information will of course be treated confidentially. Fields marked with an asterisk (*) are required fields.

Please note that we do not provide individual advice on matters of health. You can read about where to find help and support in Germany in our information “How can I find self-help groups and information centers?

Über diese Seite

Updated on July 15, 2022

Next planned update: 2025

Publisher:

Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG, Germany)

How we keep you informed

Follow us on Twitter or subscribe to our newsletter or newsfeed. You can find all of our films online on YouTube.