Underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism)

At a glance

  • An underactive thyroid is where the thyroid gland doesn’t make enough hormones.
  • This can lead to problems such as tiredness, changes in the skin and depression.
  • Treatment with hormone tablets usually makes the symptoms go away.
  • The disease typically occurs in adults.
  • It is most often caused by an inflammation of the thyroid gland.

Introduction

Photo of a woman reading

The thyroid gland makes that control many of the processes in our body. The thyroid is said to be underactive if it doesn't produce enough . This condition is also referred to as hypothyroidism. It can lead to various problems, such as tiredness, lethargy, changes in the skin, and constipation.

Chronic of the thyroid gland is the most common cause of an underactive thyroid. The problem can be corrected by taking tablets containing thyroid every day. This usually makes the symptoms go away.

Symptoms

If the thyroid doesn't produce enough , your metabolism (a set of chemical reactions in the body) slows down. That can affect various body functions and cause a number of different symptoms. For example, a reduction in physical fitness. Symptoms of this might include:

  • Weakness and tiredness
  • Low pulse
  • Shortness of breath

Mental health or cognitive problems are also possible. For instance:

  • Problems with concentration or memory
  • Lethargy
  • Depression or other psychological problems

It can lead to certain physical changes too, such as:

  • Dry skin, sometimes puffy and thickened – especially in the face
  • Dry hair, hair loss
  • Slight to moderate weight gain
  • Enlarged thyroid (goiter)
  • Low, hoarse voice
  • Enlarged tongue
  • Constipation
  • Heavy periods or other menstrual problems, reduced fertility
  • Erection problems
  • Poor hearing

Other symptoms may affect your entire body, like

  • Sensitivity to cold, chills
  • Muscle or joint pain
  • Tingling or numbness
  • Slow reflexes
Illustration: An underactive thyroid gland can cause a number of different symptoms

If an underactive thyroid in children or babies is left untreated, it can slow their physical growth and mental development. This is very rare in Germany and other industrialized countries though because it's usually detected right after birth and then treated effectively.

Causes

There are various reasons why the thyroid gland might not produce enough :

  • Inflammation of the thyroid gland: The organ may become inflamed due to an autoimmune reaction. This is known as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (or Hashimoto's disease). It is the most common cause of an underactive thyroid in Germany. The may be caused by an instead. Sometimes no clear cause is found.
  • Thyroidectomy or radiation therapy: Sometimes treatment for an overactive thyroid gland or thyroid cancer involves using radiation on the thyroid gland, or surgically removing part or all of the gland (thyroidectomy). As a result, not enough thyroid are made, or none are made at all.
  • Severe iodine deficiency: The body needs the trace element iodine in order to produce thyroid . Eating a balanced diet can help make sure you get enough iodine. Iodine-rich foods include dairy products, fish and iodized salt.
  • Medications: An underactive thyroid can also be caused by medication, for example as a side effect of an antidepressant that contains lithium. Other medications may be used especially to reduce the production of thyroid in people who have an overactive thyroid. If the dose is too high, the thyroid might become underactive.
  • Congenital ("at birth") hypothyroidism: People are only rarely born with an underactive thyroid because of their genes. It can also develop if a pregnant woman doesn't get enough iodine or if her makes antibodies against the thyroid tissue.

In all of these forms, the thyroid gland itself no longer works properly. Doctors call this "primary hypothyroidism." In rare cases, hypothyroidism can also be caused by a problem with the pituitary gland or hypothalamus in the brain. These organs regulate the production of in the thyroid gland. If they aren't working properly, the thyroid gland won't produce enough even if it's healthy. This is called central hypothyroidism.

Prevalence

About 5 out of 100 people have an underactive thyroid in countries like Germany. It is especially common in women and in older age. About 1 out of 3,400 babies are born with an underactive thyroid.

Outlook

How an underactive thyroid develops over time will depend on what's causing it. It often develops slowly because it is very commonly caused by an of the thyroid gland. This usually leads to the gradual loss of thyroid tissue, which can go unnoticed for a long time: The remaining tissue makes up for this by producing more . But symptoms arise when that is no longer possible. If an underactive thyroid isn't treated, various problems can develop.

Sometimes the thyroid get better on its own, though – for instance, if the goes away.

Diagnosis

Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and examine the thyroid by feeling your neck. Because many of the symptoms of an underactive thyroid could have other causes, blood tests are done to get a clear .

The tests measure the levels of various in your blood. These include the thyroid themselves. But another hormone called TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) is important too. It is produced in the pituitary gland, not in the thyroid. As its name suggests, TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid .

A higher level of TSH in your blood may be a sign of an underactive thyroid. This is because as soon as the thyroid gland gets weaker, the pituitary gland responds: It increases the amount of TSH it makes in order to stimulate the thyroid to make more thyroid . But this is not enough if the thyroid is very underactive: The thyroid still can't release enough into the bloodstream. This can also be seen in a blood test.

Screening

Newborns are routinely screened for high TSH levels in order to detect an underactive thyroid early on so that it can be treated sooner. If the results are abnormal, doctors also measure the level of thyroid .

Screening is not recommended in adults because abnormal TSH levels don't automatically mean that the thyroid isn't producing enough and causing problems. What's more, TSH levels that are just a little high very often go down on their own, but it can sometimes take a while. So abnormal levels could lead to unnecessary further testing, treatments and worry.

If your TSH is high but your thyroid gland is still making enough and you don't have any symptoms, it's known as subclinical (latent) hypothyroidism.

Each year in Germany, 2 to 5 out of 100 people who have subclinical hypothyroidism develop an underactive thyroid with symptoms. It's not clear whether this can be prevented with early treatment, though.

Prevention

An underactive thyroid caused by iodine deficiency can be prevented by getting enough iodine. But hypothyroidism is only rarely caused by an iodine deficiency in Germany and other industrialized countries.

Experts recommend that you make sure that you get enough iodine in your diet. You can do this by having milk or dairy products on a daily basis and eating saltwater fish regularly. The use of iodized table salt is also recommended.

Some dietary supplements have iodine in them too. Taking them on a daily basis can cause problems if the supplements contain more than 100 µg (micrograms) of iodine. If you take too much iodine over the long term, it increases your risk of developing an overactive thyroid. It's almost impossible to get too much iodine from food and drink, though. One exception is dried algae, especially seaweed and kelp.

Effects

Complications can arise over the long term if an underactive thyroid isn't treated. The effects can be serious, especially in children. Some are permanent – such as dwarfism (short height), partial or full loss of hearing, and problems with mental and cognitive development. The of newborns and early treatment are now used to prevent these kinds of problems.

If an underactive thyroid is left untreated in adults, complications such as cardiovascular (heart and blood vessel) disease, confusion and drowsiness are possible. In very rare cases it can lead to a coma.

Treatment

If the levels of thyroxine (a thyroid hormone made in the body) are too low, a medication that is similar to this hormone is used to replace it. This medication is called levothyroxine or L-thyroxine. It keeps the hormone levels within the normal range, and the symptoms typically go away completely. It takes about two to three months for the body's hormone levels to return to normal. Depending on the cause, treatment for an underactive thyroid may be temporary or lifelong.

Thyroxine is taken as a tablet once a day. Doctors often recommend taking the tablet with a glass of water half an hour before breakfast. It is thought that the body can absorb the medicine better on an empty stomach. But you can also take the tablet in the evening before going to bed.

Taken at the right dose, side effects are very rare. The dose is determined based on the person’s body weight. If the dose is too high it can cause nervousness. So the dose is checked regularly during the first few weeks of treatment and changed as needed. After that, it usually only has to be checked once a year.

In subclinical hypothyroidism, only the TSH levels are higher. The thyroid hormone levels are normal. Experts disagree on whether it should be treated.

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IQWiG health information is written with the aim of helping people understand the advantages and disadvantages of the main treatment options and health care services.

Because IQWiG is a German institute, some of the information provided here is specific to the German health care system. The suitability of any of the described options in an individual case can be determined by talking to a doctor. informedhealth.org can provide support for talks with doctors and other medical professionals, but cannot replace them. We do not offer individual consultations.

Our information is based on the results of good-quality studies. It is written by a team of health care professionals, scientists and editors, and reviewed by external experts. You can find a detailed description of how our health information is produced and updated in our methods.

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Updated on June 15, 2021

Next planned update: 2024

Publisher:

Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG, Germany)

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