What is an inflammation?

Many different things can cause inflammations. These are the most common:

• Pathogens (germs) like bacteria, viruses or fungi
• External injuries like scrapes or damage through foreign objects (for example a thorn in your finger)
• Effects of chemicals or radiation

Diseases or medical conditions that cause inflammation often have a name ending in “-itis.” For example:

• Cystitis: an inflammation of the bladder
• Bronchitis: an inflammation of the bronchi
• Otitis media: an inflammation of the middle ear
• Dermatitis: a disease where the skin is inflamed

There are five symptoms that may be signs of an acute inflammation:

• Redness
• Heat
• Swelling
• Pain
• Loss of function

Examples of a loss of function include not being able to move an inflamed joint properly, having a worse sense of smell during a cold, or finding it more difficult to breathe when you have bronchitis.

Inflammations don’t always cause all five symptoms. Some inflammations occur “silently” and don’t cause any symptoms.

If the inflammation is severe, it can cause general reactions in the body. These may include the following signs and symptoms:

• Generally feeling ill, exhaustion and fever. These are signs that the immune system is very active and needs a lot of energy, which may be lacking for other activities. If the rate of metabolism is higher due to a fever, more antibodies and cells of the immune system can be produced.
• Changes in the blood, such as an increased number of immune system cells.

A very rare but dangerous complication of an infection is called septicemia (blood poisoning). The possible signs of this complication include chills, feeling very ill, and a very high fever.

Septicemia may occur if bacteria multiply quickly in a certain part of the body and then a lot of them suddenly enter the bloodstream. This can happen if the body isn’t able to fight the infection locally, if the germs are very aggressive, or if the immune system is very weak. Septicemia is a medical emergency and needs to be treated by a doctor as soon as possible.

When an inflammation occurs in your body, many different immune system cells may be involved. They release various substances, known as inflammatory mediators. These include the hormones bradykinin and histamine. They cause the small blood vessels in the tissue to become wider (dilate), allowing more blood to reach the injured tissue. For this reason, inflamed areas turn red and feel hot.

The increased blood flow also allows more immune system cells to be carried to the injured tissue, where they help with the healing process. What’s more, both of these hormones irritate nerves and cause pain signals to be sent to the brain. This has a protective function: If the inflammation hurts, you tend to protect the affected part of the body.

The inflammatory mediators have yet another function: They make it easier for immune system cells to pass out of the small blood vessels, so that more of them can enter the affected tissue. The immune system cells also cause more fluid to enter the inflamed tissue, which is why it often swells up. The swelling goes down again after a while, when this fluid is transported out of the tissue.

Mucous membranes also release more fluid when they are inflamed. For instance, this happens when you have a stuffy nose and the membranes lining your nose are inflamed. Then the extra fluid can help to quickly flush the viruses out of your body.

Inflammations don’t always help the body. In some diseases the immune system fights against the body’s own cells by mistake, causing harmful inflammations. These include, for example:

• Rheumatoid arthritis, where many joints throughout the body are permanently inflamed
• Psoriasis – a chronic skin disease
• Inflammatory bowel diseases like Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis

Collectively known as chronic inflammatory diseases, these diseases can last for years or even a lifetime. Their severity and level of activity varies.