Nearly all boys are born with a foreskin that won’t pull back (phimosis). This protects the sensitive head of the penis from rubbing against things, becoming too dry and coming into contact with germs. Find out at what age you should seek medical advice if phimosis doesn't go away on its own.

Having weak bones that easily break is a sign of osteoporosis. It's normal for bone tissue to break down as you grow older, but osteoporosis speeds up this process. Osteoporosis can be a bigger problem in older people because they are also more likely to fall.

The typical signs of sinusitis (inflamed paranasal sinuses) are a stuffy nose, pain and a feeling of pressure in the forehead or jaw. Sometimes it develops from a cold or the flu. Read more about the symptoms and causes of acute and chronic sinusitis, as well as the treatment options.

We often hear about things like serious accidents, natural disasters, or sexual abuse in the news. These traumatic events can have a great impact on the lives of those involved. Some people may then develop what is known as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). But various interventions and treatments can help.

ADHD is a disorder in which children are especially inattentive, impulsive or hyperactive. Severe ADHD can cause major problems in the life and everyday routine of both the child and their family. There are a number of different treatment options for ADHD. In adulthood the symptoms are generally much less severe or may have disappeared completely.

Red skin, visible blood vessels and pus-filled spots on the face are all typical symptoms of rosacea – a common facial skin inflammation. Read about the treatment options and how to find out what could be triggering rosacea flare-ups.

Acute pancreatitis is an inflammation of the pancreas that typically causes very sudden and very severe upper abdominal pain. The pain is so bad that most people go straight to a doctor. The inflammation is often caused by gallstones blocking the opening of the pancreas or by drinking too much alcohol.

For various reasons, the connective tissue in women’s pelvic floor may become weaker. This can cause the womb, bladder or the end part of the bowel to slip down. Bladder prolapses are the most common. The main treatment options are pelvic floor exercises, vaginal pessaries and surgery.

Not being able to have children is usually a source of great emotional turmoil. Men and women often take it for granted that they will be able to. Many couples who have trouble conceiving start looking for medical help at some point. A number of different treatments are available, depending on the causes of the infertility.

Pneumonia often leads to a sudden high fever, the feeling that you are very unwell, a cough and shortness of breath. People who are otherwise in good health generally recover within a week. The typical symptoms may not occur in children and older people, which can sometimes make pneumonia very difficult to diagnose.

In bacterial vaginosis (sometimes abbreviated as BV) much larger numbers of bacteria grow inside of the vagina than would normally just be there. This increase in bacteria is usually not dangerous and it often goes unnoticed, but it can cause a strong-smelling vaginal discharge and be very unpleasant. Antibiotics can provide effective treatment.

If a tendon sheath is overused, it can become inflamed and swollen. Known as tenosynovitis, this most commonly occurs in the hands, arms and feet. The pain usually goes away if you keep the inflamed area still. If it doesn’t go away, various treatments are considered.

Signs of bursitis include swelling and pain – for instance, in an elbow or knee. It can arise when too much pressure is put on one of the protective fluid-filled sacs in the body known as bursae. There are various ways to treat bursitis, depending on the cause and how it develops over time.

Cold sores lead to the formation of painful blisters around the lips, typically only on one side of the mouth. People who have had a cold sore in the past often keep on getting them again. They are caused by certain contagious herpes viruses. Because they go away on their own within one to two weeks, treatment usually isn’t needed.

Genital herpes is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections. Herpes virus infections actually don’t often lead to a disease, though. If symptoms do arise, they can be painful and distressing. But there are treatments that can relieve the symptoms and shorten the outbreaks.

Frozen shoulder starts very gradually. At first the pain is mild, but it then gets worse and can make it difficult to sleep through the night. Over time, the shoulder gets so stiff that it can hardly move. At what age is frozen shoulder most common? And what can relieve the symptoms until they go away?

Bunions are among the most common foot deformities. They often don’t cause any problems – or only minor problems. But sometimes the foot becomes increasingly deformed and hurts, making it hard to walk. If measures such as wearing well-fitting shoes and using splints don’t help, surgery is an option.

Gastritis is common. The symptoms include stomach pain, heartburn, nausea and feeling full. It is usually caused by certain bacteria or anti-inflammatory painkillers. The symptoms often clear up on their own after a few days.

Many people will have an ingrown toenail at some point in their lives. There are various possible treatments, depending on how severe the symptoms are. Using the right technique to cut your toenails can help prevent the problem in the first place, though.

A boil (furuncle) is a pus-filled bump in the skin that is caused by a bacterial infection. It’s a bit like a very big yellow pimple, but it’s deeper in the skin and hurts a lot more. Medical treatment is often helpful. It can make boils go away quicker, relieve the pain and prevent complications.

The gaps between the toes provide a warm and moist environment – perfect conditions for fungi. Athlete's foot typically leads to redness and cracks in the skin. It usually doesn’t clear up on its own, but can often be effectively treated with creams, gels and sprays. Read about the different medications and how to prevent athlete’s foot.

Nail fungus is very common. Experts think that it often develops from untreated athlete's foot. It then takes a while to get rid of the brittle, discolored or thickened nails. Topical treatment with nail polish may take up to one year. Tablets work faster, but they have more side effects too.

Minor injuries to our skin usually heal quite quickly on their own. But some wounds close very slowly, keep on opening up, or don’t heal at all. Doctors consider a wound to be chronic if it doesn’t heal. This usually happens because of circulation problems or diabetes.

A migraine is very different from a “normal” headache: Migraines are typically associated with moderate to severe headaches that only affect one side of the head. Even small movements often make them worse. What medication helps relieve migraine attacks? How can they be prevented?

Tennis elbow is usually the result of repetitive movements or too much strain – for instance, during sports like tennis or when doing manual labor. The main symptom is pain in the outer elbow. Certain treatments can relieve the symptoms somewhat or speed up recovery.

Pain on the inside of the elbow is typical for golfer’s elbow. It’s usually caused by repetitive movements or too much strain – for instance, during sports like tennis or when doing manual labor. Golfer’s elbow is usually treated with stretching and strengthening exercises.

Diverticula are small, balloon-like pouches in the lining of the intestine. They are often harmless, but might cause pain and other symptoms – for instance, if the contents of the bowel get into them. Find out how these problems can be prevented, and when treatment is needed.

Gout is a metabolic disorder that causes inflammation in joints. An acute gout attack often begins at night or in the early morning with sudden, painful joint swelling. It’s a lot more common in men than in women. Read about what gout has to do with your diet, what treatments are available, and why it's important to seek medical advice early on.

It is normal for vision to gradually get worse with age. Some people also have medical conditions that further affect their vision. Age-related macular degeneration is one of these. It makes objects look blurry and distorted, especially when you look at them directly, and becomes increasingly difficult to do things like read or recognize faces.

Cervical cancer nearly always develops as a rare consequence of a long-term infection with particular types of sexually transmitted HPV viruses. HPV infections are probably equally common in men and women. But the possible consequences of the infection, like cancer, are even less likely in men.